As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. Knowledge awaits. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. On the contrary, a systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al. Moonlight sonata. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Moreover, Rienks et al. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Determination of total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, supplement ingredients, and soy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: Collaborative study. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. Similarly, Li et al. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Valsta L.M., Kilkkinen A., Mazur W., Nurmi T., Lampi A.M., Ovaskainen M.L., Korhonen T., Adlercreutz H., Pietinen P. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. Franco et al. and Rossi et al. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. Specifically, the time to achieve half of the efficacy was 11.6 weeks for soy isoflavones, while for the rest of the compounds, the onset time was near 0 weeks. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. Perez-Cornago A., Appleby P.N., Boeing H., Gil L., Kyr C., Ricceri F., Murphy N., Trichopoulou A., Tsilidis K.K., Khaw K.T., et al. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Sansai et al. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. The authors declare no conflict of interest. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. and A.F.-Q. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. . Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Indeed, some authors speculate that hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activity may have been altered after variable isoflavone intake from soybean, although no experimental data were provided [67]. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. Man B., Cui C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa A. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. This fact suggests that other components, such as fiber in the soy foods, may account for these negative associations. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. Accessibility Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. For this purpose, 23 studies with 2167 patients were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that a daily dose of more than 54 mg could decrease the endometrial thickness in North American women, whereas the contrary effect was observed in the Asian sample. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. Although smaller in quantity, isoflavones are also present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [11]. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. Conceptualization, S.G.-Z. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. Grosso G., Godos J., Lamuela-Raventos R., Ray S., Micek A., Pajak A., Sciacca S., DOrazio N., Del Rio D., Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. Is equol production beneficial to health? Yan Z., Zhang X., Li C., Jiao S., Dong W. Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. He X., Sun L.M. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. , Zhao S., Shin S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O a systematic review meta-analysis. Of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects isoflavones. Mechanism of action of isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the risk was found at concentrations. 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